فصلنامه دولت پژوهی
پیاپی 23 (پاییز 1399)

In the field of State Studies, power has usually been considered on the basis of coercion and special attention has been paid to deterministic mechanisms. As a contemplative indicator, a search for the concept of power on the Internet reveals how it relates to other coercive concepts such as domination, supremacy, pressure, and force. In this article, while pointing to the consequences of the mentioned limiting model, the main purpose is to reflect on the context of changing attitudes toward the deterministic foundation of power and in this regard, we try to insist on the consequences of the concept of "audience reception" in the context of Power Studies. On this basis, thinking about government power based on the issue of reception has led to the concept of power being considered clustered and complex, and caused it to have the characteristics such as "normative desirability and metamaterial function", "communicative nature", "integrative and expanding social integration", "model-maker and cultural prioritizer", "interrelated with knowledge", "sensitive to independence and interdependence" and "rejection of economism with the acceptance of the legitimacy of the social system". The research method is descriptive-explanatory and the main finding is that explaining how the element of satisfaction plays a role in power (government) studies can be considered as a basis and introduction to "cognitive transformation" in this field; A decisive development that brings a new horizon to the field of thinking about invisibility or soft-power in the field of coercive mechanisms of government power.

A significant aspect of political thought and theoretical concept about Ideal Government in Islam, is presented in the form of advices. Siraj al-Muluk by Turtushi is one of these works written in the period of degeneration of Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate in the late 5th and early 6th century AH. The main gole of this article is the presentation of an understanding of Turtushi`s thought about the crisis of degeneration. In other word, the main question of the study is about the reasoning of the political crisis and Turtushi`s advices for making up the ideal government. In this research, the conceptual model of Thomas Spragens in Understanding of Political Theories has been used. The hypothesis is the historical studying of Turtushi`s political thought and his era when he used to think that period of Fatimid`s degeneration is a crisis. His work is coming across Spragens Thought in political understanding of crisis, its reasons, the solutions for passing it and reaching the ideal government. The methodology is content analysis of Siraj al-Muluk in order to compare the most significant concept of this work with Spragens`s model. This research shows that Turtushi used to want reform in order to solve the crisis and reaching an ideal government which has a great deal of virtualism as a policy to have pure statesmen, reform in government, justice in courts and in relationships between classes, and the improvement of clerics in government as advisers for rulers in order to reach high pure in government.

Achieving political development among South Asian societies, especially since independence in the mid-20th century, has been one of the most important issues facing governments and civil society in these countries. In the present study, it has been attempted to explore the trends that have taken place in India by utilizing theories of political development and testing them with the existing realities to achieve a unique political development paradigm. The main question in doing this research is how the pattern of political development in India is shaped and to what extent are they consistent with the indicators of classical political development theories, such as urbanization, literacy and economic status, and so on? What this study reveals is that the state of political development in the Indian case study differs markedly from the prevailing theories and analyzes of patterns of political development in different countries. In fact, it seems that the particular historical and political characteristics of the country's political and social culture play a fundamental role in laying the foundations for the development of its political structures. This has led to a special process of political development and modernization in the country, confirming that external or imported patterns are not necessarily the only way to achieve development.

In the present research, we tried to study the first axis of Michel Foucault’s thought that is knowledge on the basis of the two areas of discursive and non-discursive practices as the components of knowledge, their relation, the manner of their articulation and at last the birth of sense. This research tries to show that how the articulation of the two essentially heterogeneous areas forms knowledge and makes it paradoxical and creates a gap that cannot be filled. On this basis, sense as the way of appearing of bodies is the result of this articulation. This articulation does not require any commonality or conformity between the two areas but what Foucault calls “strategic coincidence”. Therefore knowledge is formed and sense is born only in the case that the two areas realize a particular power relation or a power relation is realized in them. But in this regards we shouldn’t ignore the role of state. State as the final form of power relations as what Foucault calls stratification has huge influences on the forming of knowledge and the birth of sense. From the angle of Iran’s society Foucault’s methodology can help us Iranians as those who are still involved with the problem of tradition and modernity analyze our situation and show that on the basis of which logic some parts of tradition’s discursivities are still kept and articulated of the bodies and some other parts are ignored, paid no attention or denied.

This article aims to present a narrative of the modern state that has five essential elements without which there would be no modern conception of state. The abstract personality of the state, sovereignty, modern subjectivity, and the creation of a dedicated citizen, the expansion and manifestation of sovereignty volition within the law are the foundations of the modern state. At the same time, this study examines earlier identities for a specific purpose in order to prove that despite the various challenges to these identities, they can still be sustained in the modern state. The text also seeks to point out in a disconcerting way in the current scientific discourse that some of the features listed for the modern state in these discourses are in fact due to the error of unification of the concepts of state and government. From the library sources and the application of a descriptive and analytical approach, the following questions are answered:(1) What are the features of the modern state conception? (2) Can government and state be regarded as identical phenomena? What are the outcomes of this synergy between the two for modern state concept (3) Despite challenges such as the formation of the European Union, human rights, postmodernism and globalization can still claim the viability and durability of modern state identities, and in particular the gem characteristic of sovereignty?

With the formation of the Islamic republic it was anticipated that democracy would dominate the society and an open society with a minimal state size would emerge but the developments that we saw had a process in which, first the economic system was entrusted to the government. Also after the Cultural Revolution the cultural system of the country was also at the disposal of the government. In the decades to come, when oil revenues and self-sufficiency increased the government became larger in size and became more independent of the community. With the development of national and transnational powers, the community became more dependent on the government. The result of this research shows that the tendency to governmentalism in the government of the Islamic republic has led to the creation of a maximum political structure rather than a minimal political structure so it should examine the origin and main cause of these desires as part of the political culture of the Iranian people. In this regard losin puy believes that: "political structure has a bilateral relationship with political culture and affects each other". Considering this view, losing puy has examined the issue of governmentalism and Great Government since the revolution from three aspects related to the political culture of the Iranian people. These three aspects are: Iranian, Islamic, and modern components.

For a long time, the only solution to ending disputes between countries was war on the battlefield and military option. In the midst of these wars, the most important military strategies were born and often used in other battles. But over time, states have found that warfare is a very costly activity, with massive casualties and financial losses. Therefore, conversation and peaceful solutions in form of Diplomacy was seriously placed in state's agenda. However, none of these ways (Strategy and Diplomacy) could alone bring lasting peace to the world. Therefore, the necessity of the emergence and importance of Military Diplomacy was more determined. The present paper seeks to examine the implications of military diplomacy as a new approach in explaining the strategic issues and to deal the role of this approach in foreign policy of the countries". The main hypothesis is that "military diplomacy is a new way for providing the military power to achieve peaceful purposes, avoid the military violence and increase deterrence," which has become a tool for achieving foreign policy goals, especially for the great powers. The studies have shown that "the adoption of such an approach will increase the ability of countries to pursue foreign policy goals and, consequently, increase their power and their role in international developments.